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Cherokee Research
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The Cherokee Indians have had continuing dealings with the U.S. Government since
the 1700’s through treaties, legislation, and the courts. There are probably more
federal records concerning the Cherokees than any other tribe. During the 1830’s
and 1840’s, the period covered by the Indian Removal Act, many Indians were forced
to remove to what is now Oklahoma. A small number of Indians remained in the southeast
and gathered in the North Carolina area where they purchased land and continued
to live on the Quala Boundary. Many went into the Appalachian Mountains to escape
the removal.
Cherokee Ancestry falls into three main groups:
1) Persons listed on the final roll of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma that were
closed in 1907 and their descendants.
2) Persons enrolled as members of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North
Carolina and their descendants, Baker Roll.
3) Other persons of Cherokee Indian ancestry.
The first groups were those Cherokees who went West and formally organized as the
Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. After about a half-century of self-government, a law
enacted by Congress in 1906 directed that a final roll be made and each enrollee
be given an allotment of land or be paid cash. After that date no names could be
added to the final rolls. The 1906 enrollment records are kept by the Bureau of
Indian Affairs.
The second group, or Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina, are formally
organized and have their own requirements for member ship.
Information about the Indian ancestry of persons in the third group of Cherokees
is the most difficult to locate. Some of these Indians did not sign up when necessary.
The information for this group is best found by using the same methods as used in
compiling ancestries of non-Indians. The claims that were filed in 1906 and were
rejected provide the same good source of information that is helpful in tracing
Indian ancestry.
*from Cherokee Blood Newsletter, Shirley Hoskins, Editor, P.O. Box 22261, Chattanooga,
TN 37422
See also three volume set of genealogies by Shirley Hoskins entitled
"Cherokee Blood"
1. The different Census Rolls are given control numbers by the National Archives
so they may be ordered, such as M-1234. The rolls are usually named for the person
taking the census. Each roll pertains to a particular year so it is important to
select the year that applies to the individual whom you are looking to find. I usually
like to start with the Guion Miller Roll. The claims had to be on file by August
31, 1907. In 1909 Miller stated that 45,847 separate applications had been filed
representing a total of about 90,000 individuals; 3436 resided east, and 27,384
were residing West of the Mississippi.
The Eastern Cherokee Claims, also known as
the Miller Roll is an excellent source of information. Microfilm M-65 lists the
persons name and whether their claim was accepted or rejected, and where they were
living at the time they filed the application. Roll 1 is the index. These are the
rolls that I am using to extract the information for the Cherokee Blood Books. There
are 340 rolls of this microfilm. I have the majority of these rolls. These rolls
list their ancestors, as far back as four to six generations, or before 1835. They
were taken in 1906 when Cherokees lived all over the United States. They were trying
to prove they or their ancestors lived in the Cherokee Nation East in 1835. At that
time the Cherokee Nation was Comprised of all or part of the following counties
of these states:
Georgia: Bartow, Catoosa, Chatooga, Cherokee, Clinton, Cobb, Dade,
Dawson, Fannin, Floyd, Forsyth, Gilmer, Gordon, Harrison, Lumpkin, Milton, Murray,
Paulding, Pickens, Polk, Town, Walker, and Whitfield County.
Alabama: Blount, Calhoun,
Cherokee, Cleburne, Dekalb, Etowah, Jackson, and Marshall County.
Tennessee: Blount,
Bradley, Hamilton, James, Marion, Meigs, Monroe, and Polk County. North Carolina:
Cherokee, Swain, Clay, Graham, Macon, and Swain County.
1924 BAKER ROLL (East) –
The Baker Roll has names, addresses, age, and relationship to the head of household.
There were some who were added to the roll by the Indian Office in 1931.
1896 CENSUS
(West) – The census takers were cautious to be sure before enrolling anyone as a
citizen. Oftentimes they had to swear someone in, and question their information
if doubtful. They were to mark Citizen, Shawnee, Delaware, of Freedmen. If in doubt
they could contact the 1880 Census with regard to age and name. The census roll
gives the name, age, sex, how far they live from the precinct the degree of blood,
and remarks. If they were white they were requested to give which state they were
born in.
1896 PAYMENT ROLL (West) – This roll is a record of payment to those whose
names appeared on the 1851 Old Settlers list. These were people who went west before
the Treaty of 1835. It lists their name, place of residence, age, and the amount
of money they received. If the person was deceased, it names the heirs of the individual
that received the money.
CHEROKEE CENSUS OF 1880 (West) – This census consists of
six schedules for each of the nine Cherokee Districts: Canadian, Cooweescoowee,
Delaware, Flint, Going Snake, Illinoise, Saline, Sequoyah, and Tahlequah. Schedule
3 for the Cooweescoowee is incomplete. Information listed on the schedules include
the names of persons, their age, sex, nativity, marital status, and occupation.
Family relationships are given in the remarks column. The 1880 Census was used as
a basis for payment of $16.55 for breadstuff.
1884 HESTER ROLL (East) – Begun in
1882 by Joseph G. Hester this roll is a census of the Eastern Cherokee. It was completed
and submitted to the Secretary of the Interior in 1884. There are 2,956 people listed
on this roll. The Hester Roll gives the persons, place of residence, city or county,
state, previous ancestors who may have been on the roll, their Hester Roll number,
and their Chapman, Siler, Swetland, and Mullay Roll number if they have one. The
Hester Roll is indexed.
1851 DRENNEN ROLL (West) – This roll contains the names
of people that went to Oklahoma after 1835. The roll was taken by John Drennen.
The people on this roll were sometimes referred to as Immigrant Cherokees. They
lived along the boundaries of Oklahoma.
1851 SILER ROLL (East) – This roll was taken
by David W. Siler in accordance with instructions from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
This roll was taken to provide a basis for distributing money due to members of
the tribe under the treaty of 1835. The roll is arranged by county and state. It
provides information on the roll number, name, age, sex, and race. There were 88
names added to the Siler Roll in 1854 by an Act of Congress. There were 370 families
on the Siler Roll.
1852 CHAPMAN ROLL OF EASTERN CHEROKEES – This roll is a receipt
roll for a per capita payment made to the Eastern Cherokees listed on the Siler
Roll. Alfred Chapman disbursed the money. The numbers correspond exactly to the
Siler Roll Through number 883. The roll contains the names of the individuals paid,
their age, And their relationship to the head of household. It also lists the total
amount paid to The head of household or their authorized representative, the date
of payment and the witness to the payment.
1848 MULLAY ROLL (East) – The Mullay
Roll was taken in 1848 by Special Agent J. C. Mullay authorized by an act of Congress.
He was to list the names of the Cherokee Indians who remained East of the Mississippi
River after the majority of the tribes moved west under the unhonored Treaty 1835.
The Secretary of the Treasury was authorized to set aside $53.00 for each individual
wishing to migrate to Indian Territory. The enrollment number lists the names numerically.
The remarks column tells their age and relationship to others on the roll. There
are approximately 1532 names on the Mullay Roll. The Mullay Roll is not indexed.
1835 HENDERSON ROLL – Daniel Henderson took this census in 1835. It is an accounting
to Cherokee Indians and mixed bloods that were living in these states: Tennessee,
Georgia, Alabama, and North Carolina. The roll lists many categories. The Most significant
are:
*Residence by county and state.
*Male’s ages listed as either under or over
18.
*Female ages listed as either under or over 16.
*How many whites were in each
household by marriage.
There is a complete alphabetical index for this roll.
1817-1819 RESERVATIONS – The Treaty of 1817 gave every head of any Indian
family residing on the east side of the Mississippi 640 acres of land that by
treaty was surrendered to the United States. If any of the heads of families for
whom the reservation should be made, should be removed from there, their right were to revert to the United States,
and it stipulated that a census of those desiring reservations and consequently
citizenship was to be taken and filed in the office of the Cherokee agency. Some
reservations were given Life and were given Fee Simple. Twenty-Three were given
in Georgia. 2. The Dawes Roll of 1906 is another good source of information. In
the following paragraph my grandfather is used as an example.
FINAL ROLL (T-529)
– In 1898 by an Act of Congress a commission was established to negotiate agreements
with the Five Civilized Tribes: the Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks and
Seminoles. This was to provide for the dissolution to the tribal governments and
the allotment of land to each tribal member. The Commission received applications
for membership from more than 250,000 people of which more than 101,000 were enrolled.
The tribal membership rolls were closed in 1907. Congressional Act enrolled an additional
312 persons in 1914.
The card census number refers to a Census Card. The information
given for each applicant includes name, roll number, age, sex, degree of Indian
blood, and their relationship to the head of the household. There are approved,
rejected, and doubtful cards.
Check the index, (Roll 1), for the person your are
looking for. As an example, we will use my grandfather William Coats. William Coats
number is 28090. After you get the number, continue past the index, and you will
come to the information about the person. When the number is found, in this case
28090 it lists William Coats, 42, m, ¼, Card Census 4173. Copy the card census number
and go to the Enrollment Card Census Roll, (M-1186). There are 93 rolls 1-23 are
Cherokees by blood and Cherokee by marriage, rolls 24-38 are Cherokee freedmen,
rolls 39-66 are Choctaws, rolls 67-76 are Chickasaws, rolls 77-91 are Creeks, and
92-93 are Seminoles. You will find that number 4172 is on reel 6. This microfilm
document copy will look like page number 27 in this newsletter. The number 4173
is in the upper right of the card. The Car Census is a most valuable source of information.
It lists the person, their wife and children, their mother and father, as well as
what page number they can be found on the 1880 and 1896 census rolls. Each relatives
Dawes Roll number is given, along with the Tribal Enrollment year, district, and
district number.
3. Other relevant rolls such as the 1986 Census, 1880 Census, 1851
Census, and 1835 Census Rolls are explained in more detail in following sections.
4. Another good source is the book left to the Cherokee people by Emett Starr, History
of the Cherokee Indians. Most libraries have this book. Not enough can be said in
appreciation for Dr. Emett Starr (1870-1930); for his devotion, from what he left
his people. In my opinion, he deserves as much recognition as Sequoyah. Without
his book it would be almost impossible to go beyond 1835. He gives a good history
in the front of his book, and then the genealogy of the old families. The Eastern
Cherokee Claims can be used to connect up with the History of the Cherokee Indians.
The claim show on page 28 of the newsletter corresponds with page 311 in Dr. Starrs
book, which allowed me to trace my line back to 1726. Emett Starr’s notes are in
the Oklahoma Historical Room, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
5. Microfilm number M-208
(Cherokee Agency in Tennessee) – These are the earliest records available at National
Archives. This covers the period 1801-1835.
6. Microfilm number M-234 – These are
a lot of letters written to the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
7. American State Papers
are another excellent source of information. I was able to find a letter written
about Samuel Martin in theses. Indian Affairs volume 1 & 2. There are some records
in most courthouses in counties where the Indians lived mainly in Tennessee, Georgia,
South Carolina, North Carolina, and Alabama.
8. The Tennessee State Archives has
many records that Penelope Allen bought from John Ross’s grandson, William Ross.
They are available for research.
9. Moravian Mission Records – Early missionaries
established a mission among the Cherokees in 1817
So You Have An Ancestor Who Was A Cherokee
Frequently, people are discovering their Cherokee ancestry. Many times,
our elders have not passed this information along, and it is only as they are passing
to the next world do they talk about their parents and grandparents-- their roots.
In the early part of this century, there were many reasons for leaving your Native
ancestry unclaimed. In those days a "guardian" was assigned to full-blooded Native
Americans to manage their affairs. Many times the "guardian" benefited more than
the Indian did. Voting was a privilege denied Native Americans and women until 1924.
Women were discouraged from registering by their Anglo husbands, especially if they
were living outside the Indian Territory. Probably the most fearful reason was the
removal of the Native Americans to Oklahoma Territory. The reasons varied, yet all
had merit to the Native American at that time in history.
In 1976, Cherokee voters
ratified a new Cherokee Constitution, which changed the ways of measuring tribal
membership. At that time, it was determined that anyone who could trace direct descent
from the Dawes Rolls, a census taken between 1902-1907, could become a registered
citizen of the Cherokee Nation. There are now over 165,00 registered Cherokee citizens.
It does not matter if you are rediscovering your ancestry, or fulfilling a long-time
wish of "getting registered." It is important that you do something now.
Finding Your Cherokee Ancestor
I. Did your ancestor reside in the North Carolina /Tennessee
area?
A. If yes, is his/her name on any roll in Cherokee Roots by Bob Blankenship?
1. If yes, contact the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, PO Box 455, Cherokee NC
28719
B. If no, are they on the Guion Miller general index (m-1104, roll)?
1. If yes, follow references from Miller records on M-685 to Drennen or Chapman
Rolls (M-685, Roll 12)
2. If no, they are on the "Intruder" lists? (7RA-53 and 7RA-55)
a. If yes, they were not recognized as Cherokee citizens.
b. If no, check the 1896
Old Settler Payment Roll (T-985)
1. If yes, check Old Settler roll of 1851 (M-685, roll 12)
a. Check History of the Cherokee
Indians by Emmet Starr
2. If no, your ancestor may be Cherokee but it is unlikely they are on any
roll.
II. Did your ancestors
live in Oklahoma between 1893 and 1906?
A. If yes, are they on the Dawes Rolls?
(Microfiche M-1186, roll 1)
1. If not on the Dawes Rolls, are they on the Guion
Miller general index (M-1104, roll)?
a. If yes, follow references from Miller records
on M-685 to Drennen or Chapman Rolls (M-685, Roll 12). You can get a copy of someone's
application by sending the application number to: National Archives (NNFJ), Washington,
D.C., 20408
b. If no, are they on the "intruder " lists? (7RA-53 and 7RA-55).
1.
If yes, they were not recognized as Cherokee citizens. 2. If no, check the 1896
Old Settler Payment Roll (T-985).
a. If yes, check Old Settler Roll
of 1851 (M-685, roll 12).
1. Check History of the Cherokee Indians, by Emmet Starr.
b. If no, your ancestor may be Cherokee
but it is unlikely they are on any Roll.
2. If yes, (they
were listed on the Dawes Rolls) note their enrollment number and category and find
their enrollment card on M-1186.
3. Then use the information on enrollment card
to search earlier rolls such as 1896 Census (7RA-19) and 1880 Census (7RA-07).
4.
Then check M-1301 for enrollment packet.
5. Is this a direct ancestor?
6. If yes,
you maybe eligible for registration. Contact Cherokee Nation, Tribal Registrar,
P.O. Box 948, Tahlequah, OK 74465-0948
(918) 456-0671 or Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, P.O. Box 481, Cherokee,
NC 28719 (704) 497-5601/5112 or United Keetoowah Cherokee Council, P.O. Box
1329, Tahlequah, OK 74464 (918) 234-3434.
7. Other resources include National Archives and Records, General Services
Administration, Washington, D.C. 20408, National Archives (Southeast
Region), 1557 Saint Joseph Street, East Point, GA 30344 and The Church of
Jesus of Latter Saints, 50 East North Temple Street, Salt Lake City, UT
84150
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